ANALYZING STORIES
Setting
Problem
Characters:- What Did They Do?
- What Would You Do?
- Why?
Bystanders
Perpetrators
Rescuers
Victims
Events
-
-
-
Results
Conclusions/Solutions
Predictions
Examples:
Appelfeld, Ahron. Badenheim. Jewish vacationers sense impending
doom on a trip to Vienna.
Tunis, John. His Enemy, His Friend. A former German soldier refuses
to kill hostages in occupied France.
RESOURCES
Books
Browning, Christopher R. (1992) Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion
101 and the Final Solution in Poland.
The book examines documents and court records to capture the motivations
of the men who were members of the killing squads.
Dawidowicz, Lucy S. (1975) The War Against the Jews 1933-1945. New
York. Bantam Books.
This is a history of the Holocaust that explores the answer to the
question: How was it possible for a modern state to carry out the systematic
murder of people for no reason other than that they were Jewish?
Galtstein, Jacob, et.al. (1969) Anthology of Holocaust Literature.
Philadelphia. Jewish Publication Society of America.
A collection of eye witness accounts describing resistance, the concentration
camp, and ghetto life.
Hilberg, Raul. (1992) Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders: The Jewish
Catastrophe 1933-1945. New York. Harper Collins.
An examination of the attitudes and reactions of individuals, groups,
or governments who experienced the Holocaust
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (1992) The Story Of Karl
Stojka: A Childhood in Birkenau. Washington, D.C.
A catalog of the autobiographical works of a Gypsy survivor and his
family incarcerated in Birkenau. It also includes a chronology on the fate
of Gypsies in Germany and Austria during 1933-1945.
Cable Programming
Cable In the Classroom Magazine - a source for commercial
free television programming information. The current issues that are addressed
can be used to make the connections (bridge the barriers) between the attitudes
and activities during the Holocaust and those that exist today. For example:
C-SPAN - provides a monthly guides to teachers using C-Span
in the Classroom (1-800-523-7586). Program themes include Comparative Government,
Psychology, and English.
MTV - Community of the Future Series provides teacher's
guides with lesson ideas for monthly shows (212) 258-8568
Nick/News W/5 - Provides teacher's guides with program
summaries. Issues addressed include bigotry, religion, stereotypes, and
betraying friends. (212) 258-7773.
A & E Classroom - source of documentaries on specific
perpetrators, victims, and bystanders of the Holocaust.
Contemporary Music
- En Vogue
- Hypocrisy
- Nirvana
- The Breeders
- "J"
Teaching Resources
National Issues Forums
100 Commons Road
Dayton, Ohio 45459-2777
This public policy institute provide books, videos and teaching information
(In the Classroom) which focus on current issues facing the American Public.
Two examples are: America's Role in the World: New Risks, New Realities
and Remedies for Racial Inequality: Why Progress Has Stalled, What Should
Be Done.
Social Science Education Consortium
3300 Mitchell Lane, Suite 240
Boulder, Colorado 80301-2272
This is a source for curriculum materials on public issues that lead
to the development of critical thinking and discussion skills. Topics include:
Tolerance for Diversity and Beliefs and Religious Freedom: Belief, Practice,
and the Public Interest.
Video Tapes
Europa Europa - describes the activities of a young Jewish boy
in Europe from 1938-1945.
Genocide, 1941-1945 - victims, perpetrators, and bystanders tell
the story of the destruction of the European Jewry.
Judgement at Nurenberg - depicts the confrontation between the
American judge presiding over the German war criminal trials and the former
Nazi magistrates.
Night and Fog - historic film of Nazi concentration camps are
contrasted with contemporary scenes.
Shoah - interviews with victims, perpetrators, and bystanders.
Sophie's Choice - story of a Polish woman's attempt to justify
her existence in America after WW2.
The Raoul Wallenberg Story - portrait of the Swedish diplomat
who rescued Hungarian Jews during WW2 only to be captured by the Russians
at the end of the war.
The Sound of Music - musical based on the life of the Austrian
Von Trapp family who fled their homeland to escape from Nazi rule.
The Wall - film, shot in Poland just before the Solidarity movement,
about the Jewish uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto.
To Kill A Mockingbird - story of a Southern lawyer who defends
a black man accused of rape, and tries to explain the proceedings to his
children and their friends.
Television Programming
I'll Fly Away - family drama which explores civil and human
rights issues during the 1960's.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Garber, Zev, Berger, Alan L., and Libowitz, Richard, eds. (1988) Methodology
in the Academic
Teaching of the Holocaust. Lanham, N. Y.,
University Press of America.
Galtstein, Jacob,et.al. (1969) Anthology of Holocaust Literature.
Philadelphia. Jewish Publication
Society of America.
Herman, Joan L., Aschbacher, Pamela,R., Winters, Lynn. (1992). A
Practical Guide to
Alternative Assessment. Alexandria, VA. Association
for Supervision and Curriculum
Development.
Hilberg, Raul. (1992) Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders The Jewish
Catastrophe 1933-1945.
New York. HarperCollins Marrus, Michael (1987).
The Holocaust in History. New York.
Penguin Books USA.
Parker, Walter C. (1991). Renewing the Social Studies Curriculum.
Alexandria, VA. Association
for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Rabinowitz, Dorothy. (1979). About the Holocaust...What We Know and
How We Know It.
New York. The American Jewish Committee
HOLOCAUST CHRONOLOGY
Prior to 1933
Jews had been assimilated into German society since the first half
of the 19th century. They had become prominent in industry, culture, and
the arts.
At the same time, a strong tradition of anti-Semitism that prevailed
in Germany since the Middle Ages remained alive.
National Socialist doctrine held that the Germanic or Nordic race
was destined by "natural superiority" to rule mankind. Jews were considered
parasites, "a world plague to be eradicated." |
1933
January 30
February 28
March 5
March 23
April 1
April 7
May 10
July 14
August 21-24 |
Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany.
Mass arrests of Communists, suspension of rights, declaration of a State
of Emergency.
Hitler receives strong vote of confidence from the German people in
the Reichstag (legislature) elections.
First concentration camp opens at Dachau.
Jehovah's Witnesses pamphlets banned from circulation. The German government
called for a boycott of all Jewish shops and businesses.
Law for Reestablishment of the Civil Service results in firing of Jewish
professors from universities.
Books by Jews and opponents of Nazism are burned publicly.
Law passed providing involuntary sterilization of Gypsies,"social misfits',
the disabled, Afro-Germans, and Jews.
Confiscation and burning of bibles and other Christian literature of
Jehovah's Witnesses. |
1934
August 2
October |
After the death of German President
Hindenburg--Hitler becomes Head
of State and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces.
First major wave of arrests of homosexuals throughout Germany.
|
1935
March 17
April
Summer
September 15 |
Hitler's army invades the Rhineland.
Jehovah's Witnesses are banned from all civil service jobs and are arrested.
"No Jews" signs placed around towns and cities, outside shops, restaurants,
and public recreation facilities.
Nurenberg laws issued. These laws deprived Jews of German citizenship. |
1936
March 7
July 12
August 1
August 28 |
Jews no longer have the right to participate in
German
elections.
First German Gypsies arrested and deported to Dachau Concentration Camp.
Olympic Games open in Berlin. Anti-Semitic signs are removed and homosexual
bars reopened until the games are over.
600 Gypsies are arrested and sent to internment camp at Berlin-Marzahn.
Mass arrests of Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany. Most are sent to concentration
camps. |
1937
November 16
December 14 |
Jews can obtain passports for travel outside of
Germany only in
special
cases.
Law implemented against migrant and unemployed Gypsies who were
considered "enemies of the state" and were considered "antisocials who
threatened the community by their existence." Those arrested were detained
in concentration camps. |
1938
March 13
April 4
June 12-18
October 5
October 28-29
November 9
November 15
December 2-3
December 8 |
Austria annexed by Germany.
Himmler directive requires men convicted of homosexual crimes to be
transferred to concentration camps.
One thousand Gypsies in Germany and Austria are arrested in Operation
"Work Shy".
Jewish passports marked with the letter "J".
18,000 Polish stateless Jews expelled from Germany.
"Kristallnacht" ("Night of Broken Glass"). The Nazi-organized program
of violence and vandalism against Jewish businesses and homes.
All Jewish children expelled from public schools. Segregated Jewish
schools are created.
All Gypsies required to register with the police.
Himmler issues a decree recommending the "resolution of the Gypsy question
based on its racial nature." |
1939
March 15
April 7
June
September 1
September 3
September 7
November 23
December |
German troops invade Czechoslovakia.
Jehovah's Witnesses are arrested throughout Germany. Those who renounce
their faith are released.
2,000 Gypsies from Austria are arrested. Men above age 16 are sent to
Dachau, Buchenwald, and Mauthausen concentration camps. Women above 15
are deported to Ravensbruck concentration camp.
Cuba and the United States refuses to accept Jewish refugees aboard
the ship "S.S. St. Louis". Ship is forced to return to Europe.
Hitler signs the order for the "euthanasia" program also known as T4.
Under this program, all institutionalized physically, mentally, and emotionally
handicapped persons were deliberately killed. The program was eventually
extended to include Jews.
Great Britain and France declare war on Germany.
German army invades Poland. World War II begins.
Jewish star introduced throughout occupied Poland. After December
1, 1941, all Jews above 12 years old were required to wear a white arm
band, imprinted with the blue Star of David. Later Jews were forced to
wear a yellow Star of David sewn to the right side of their clothing in
front and back.
Euthanasia murders begin in children's unit at Brandenburg-Gorden.
Approximately 3,000 children are killed. |
1940
April 9
April 30
May 10
May 15
May 15-18
May 29
June 10
October |
Germany invades Denmark and Norway.
First ghetto created in Lodz.
Germany invades Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France.
Romania passes a law which condemns adult Jews to forced labor.
2,800 Gypsies deported from Germany to the ghetto in Lublin.
Jehovah's Witness organizations are banned in occupied Holland.
Italy enters war as Germany's ally.
Jehovah's Witnesses are arrested in Belgium and deported to concentration
camps. |
1941
March
March 7
March 22
March 24
April 6
May 15
June 22
July 31
September 15
September 23
September
28-29
October
October/
November
December 7
December 8
December 11 |
Bulgaria enters the war as Germany's ally.
German Jews used as forced labor.
Gypsy and Afro-German children are prohibited from attending German
public schools.
Germany invades North Africa.
Germany invades Yugoslavia and Greece.
Romania passes law condemning adult Jews to forced labor.
Germany invades Soviet Union.
Heydrich is in charge of the deportation of European Jews -- the "Final
Solution" begins.
The Nazi regime requires all Jews above the age of six to wear the Jewish
Star for identification purposes.
First gassing experiments on Soviet prisoners of war and Polish prisoners
in Auschwitz.
Massacre of nearly 34,000 Jews at the Babi Yar ravine outside Kiev.
Theresienstadt ghetto opens.
First deportations of German and Austrian Jews to Lodz and Riga ghettos.
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor.
Chelmno Killing center begins operations.
Germany declares war on the United States. |
1942
January 20
March 1
March 17
June 1
July 28
October 4
November 7
November 25
December 16 |
Wannsee Conference in Berlin to implement the plan
of the "final
solution."
Sobibor killing center begins operations.
Belzec killing center begins operations.
Introduction of Jewish Stars in France and Holland.
Treblinka killing center begins operations.
Jewish resistance fighting organizations set up in Warsaw Ghetto.
All Jews still in concentration camps in Germany are sent to Auschwitz
killing center.
Allied invasion and liberation of North Africa.
First deportations of Jews from Norway to Auschwitz.
Himmler issues decree for deportation of "all Roma Gypsies, part Gypsies,
and all non-German Gypsies of Balkan origin" to Auschwitz-Birkenau. |
1943
February 2
April 19
June 11
July 24
August 2
September 8
October 13
October 14 |
Deportation of all Gypsies remaining in Germany to
Auschwitz.
Warsaw ghetto revolt begins.
Anglo-American Bermuda conference on refugees opens. The allied decision
is not to rescue the Jews from occupied Europe.
Himmler orders liquidation of all Polish ghettos. This results in mass
deportations to Treblinka and other killing centers in Poland.
Revolt in Italy; Mussolini deposed.
Armed revolt begins in Treblinka killing center.
Italy signs armistice with Allies.
Italy declares war on Germany.
Armed revolt begins in Sobibor killing center. |
1944
March 19
June 6
July 20
July 24
October 7
November |
Germany invades Hungary.
D-Day, the launching of the Western Allied invasion of Europe.
German officers attempt to assassinate Hitler.
Soviet troops liberate Majdanek concentration camp.
Prisoner revolt at Auschwitz-Birkenau results in the blowing up of one
crematorium.
Last deportations from Theresienstadt ghetto to Auschwitz-Birkenau. |
1945
January 17
January 26
April 11
April 28
April 30
May 5
May 7
May 8
August 6
August 15
November |
Evacuation of Auschwitz; prisoners begin death
march. This
transfer
of prisoners came after Himmler issued the order to evacuate the camps
in eastern Europe. Over a third of the 700,000 persons who began the march
in the middle of winter lost their lives.
Soviet troops liberate Auschwitz.
Buchenwald liberated by U. S. troops.
Dachau liberated by U. S. troops
Hitler commits suicide.
Mauthausen liberated by U. S. troops.
Germany's unconditional surrender; end of the war in Europe.
Theresienstadt liberated.
First atom bomb dropped on Hiroshima.
Japan surrenders; end of World War II.
November Nuremberg Trials begin in Nuremberg, Germany, and last until
October, 1946. High-ranking former Nazi leaders were put on trial. |
After the War
- Efforts to settle displaced victims.
- Hunting former Nazi officials.
- Division of Europe
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